It doesn’t come straight from the horse’s mouth, but it could be the next best thing: A Western University of Health Sciences-led study indicates that while New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio is concerned about their welfare, carriage horses that trot the streets around Central Park and other NYC landmarks are not as stressed as the mayor might think.

De Blasio’s proposed ban on horse-dawn carriages has been a hotly debated topic in New York City since December 2014, when he proposed city legislation that would outlaw their operation. de Blasio, who was elected mayor in 2013 and took office in January 2014, is politically and financially backed by animal-rights advocates, and prior to taking office announced that he planned to “get rid of horse carriages, period,” in support of those who believe the horses are treated inhumanely.

His proposed code amendment, which requires a majority vote of the New York City Council, would go into effect June 1, 2016. The mayor has suggested replacing the carriages with electrically-powered antique cars.

Joseph Bertone, a professor of equine medicine at the College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at Western University in Pomona, Calif., and Lebanon, Ore., approached the stable management with an idea to evaluate stress in the horses. Bertone, second-year CVM student Sarah Mercer-Bowyer and CVM Assistant Professor of Physiology David Kersey studied the horses quartered at Clinton Park Stables from Aug. 3-5, 2014, to gauge what levels of stress the animals might have as a result of their work.

Results of the study, “Evaluation of well-being of New York City carriage horses,” were presented Feb. 27, 2015, at the International Federation of Applied Animal Behaviorists in Fort Worth, Texas. It has been accepted for presentation at the June 4, Scientific Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine in Indianapolis, Ind., and Veterinary Behavior Symposium in Boston, Mass., and is submitted for presentation at the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners in Las Vegas, Nev., which will be held in December. It also is scheduled to be submitted to the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

“I wanted to identify the effect this situation has on these horses,” Bertone says. “Ultimately, I’m concerned about equine welfare. On the other hand, I’m also concerned over claims that could dismantle, or likely end, the lives of these grand horses. The same claims could see the loss of an iconic New York City institution, the loss of the important human-animal bond the drivers have with these spectacular animals, as well as have a profound negative economic impact on the people whose lives this would touch.

“So it’s important we collect the research and analyze the results objectively. In other words, let’s deal with the facts.”

Bertone and Mercer-Bowyer tested 13 of the more than 70 horses at Clinton Park. Five mares and eight geldings were selected at random.

The WesternU CVM group measured saliva cortisol from the animals at multiple time points in the workday. They also measured medial canthus temperature using a FLIR thermal imaging camera (IRT), and collected feces samples for fecal cortisol. Kersey and Mercer-Bowyer analyzed samples at Kersey’s lab at WesternU.

Four time points were used during testing: 

• Time point 1: feces, saliva and IRT tests were collected an hour before horses went to work.
• Time point 2: saliva and IRT were collected after the horses were harnessed and as the horses walked were hitched to their carriages.
• Time point 3: saliva and IRT were collected as the horses returned from working.
• Time point 4: saliva and IRT were collected an hour after they worked, as they rested in their stalls.

“We found no evidence of stress in these horses. The conclusions made by the many experts in equine veterinary care who have visited the facility, and spent time in observation, is matched by the physiologic data we collected,” Bertone says. “Although not part of our study, we also observed for behavior associated with equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Ulcers result from stress. None of the behaviors were seen. We found the horses rested comfortably at night as well. That is another important feature of horses in a safe, comfortable environment.”

New York’s current regulations for working carriage horses can be found here. One regulation includes requiring the horses to get a 5-week pasture furlough period per year.

Mercer-Bowyer was sent to a farm in Pennsylvania where horses go for “vacation,” to collect feces samples so that the WesternU CVM team could look at their levels of cortisol, which identifies stress. She took samples from the New York stable horses on vacation in pasture, with interesting results: Pasture horses have far greater range of fecal cortisol stress than their counterparts in New York City pulling carriages.

“The tendency is to anthropomorphize that they (pasture horses) are happier and better off,” Bertone says. “The truth is that (carriage horses) spend their lives in this stabled situation, with food in front of them and with their herd mates nearby. Horses are habitual herd animals. Being put out in a pasture for five weeks may not be that great of an experience for them.”